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Watch underwater free movies123. Underwater - 2020 Full Movie, Watch Online Free Download Underwater Movie INFO Release Date: 2020-1-10 Rating: 7. 9 Directed by William Eubank Written by Brian Duffield, Adam Cozad Starring Kristen Stewart, Gunner Wright, T. J. Miller, Jessica Henwick, Vincent Cassel, John Gallagher Jr., Mamoudou Athie Country Germany, United States of America, United Kingdom Production 20th Century Fox Film Corporation, Chernin Entertainment Translations English, Français, Polski, Deutsch, svenska, Español, P , , Italiano, Português, ozbek, 한국어/조선말, Slovenčina, ελληνικά, ї , Magyar, עִבְרִית, Nederlands, 普通话, Português, ქართული Underwater is an upcoming American Action film directed by William Eubank Writers by Brian Duffield. "Underwater" From the next January 31, 2020 the movie ‘Underwater will be released in theaters in Spain, starring the famous actor Kristen Stewart. The film has many coincidences with ‘Alien, since the protagonists will attend a sign of help and will end up encountering dangers at the bottom of the sea. The trailer makes it clear that there will be good doses of terror and action on a single and single stage throughout the entire movie, the sea floor. The sea has always stood out for the mysteries it contains in its background, and the film will take advantage of this factor to scare the public. Underwater Full Movie Plot Outline Underwater film Now that the year is ending, the advances of the next releases that we will see in 2020 begin to emerge. One of the first releases in movie that we will find next year is Underwater, a horror film about a dangerous creature that lives deep inside of the ocean To open your mouth, we leave below the trailer in Castilian Underwater. Underwater's plot revolves around a group of researchers who are in an underground laboratory eleven kilometers deep. Everything seems to be going well until an earthquake begins to destroy the laboratory, having to flee as quickly as possible from there. You will soon discover that this earthquake was not the cause of a natural phenomenon, but of a strange and dangerous creature that lives at the bottom of the sea. Principal photography commenced on March 25, 2018 in Florida, United States and concluded on September 2, 2018. The film is set for release on January 10, 2020. 4 8 / 10 stars Rating: IMDb / 7. 9 Underwater.
3:28 this is wheird. Watch underwater 2019 online free. Free watch underwater live. - . ? - . Free watch underwater game. Alternative Title: underwater swimming Underwater diving, also called underwater swimming, swimming done underwater either with a minimum of equipment, as in skin diving (free diving) or with a scuba (abbreviation of self-contained underwater-breathing apparatus) or an Aqua-Lung. Competitive underwater diving sports include spearfishing and underwater hockey, sometimes called “octopush. ” Scuba divers. Photo by Mass Communication Specialist 1st Class Josh Treadwell/U. S. Navy Read More on This Topic human respiratory system: Swimming and diving Fluid is not a natural medium for sustaining human life after the fetal stage; human respiration requires ventilation with air. Nevertheless, … Moorea: lemon shark Watch a skin (free) diver tag lemon sharks in the waters off Moorea, French Polynesia. Contunico ZDF Enterprises GmbH, Mainz See all videos for this article Underwater diving is as old as swimming and has been perpetuated into the present by pearl divers and sponge divers. Skin diving requires only a face mask or goggles, a short breathing tube (protruding from the mouth and kept above water) and flippers, or foot fins. A wet suit, a dry suit, or the latter over the former may be used in cold water. Skin diving was first popularized in the 1920s and 30s in the Mediterranean and off the California coast, notably by the American diver Guy Gilpatric, whose The Compleat Goggler (1938) gave great impetus to the sport and aroused the interest of the French naval engineer and diver Jacques Cousteau. The goggles, flippers, snorkel (the name given the air tube from the German submarine air exhaust and intake device that allowed submerged operation) and face mask were all developed into their basic forms in the 1930s. Attempts to construct diving apparatus go back to the 19th century, but the sport of scuba, or Aqua-Lung, diving dates from 1943, when Cousteau and the French engineer Émile Gagnan developed the first fully automatic compressed-air Aqua-Lung. Cousteau also did important work on the development of underwater cameras and photography and popularized the sport in Le Monde du silence (1952; The Silent World) written with Frédéric Dumas, and in other writings and television and film productions. Clubs formed after 1943 as fast as scuba equipment became available; national associations were formed in France, Italy, Great Britain, Canada, and the United States; and in 1959 Cousteau formed, with 15 national organizations (later more than 50) the Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatique (CMAS; World Underwater Federation. The fish hunted for food and the coral hunted for ornament by primitive divers are still sought by contemporary skin divers and scuba divers. An improved spear gun devised in the 1930s is used for food hunting, and special underwater cameras are widely used for recreational and scientific purposes. In addition, scuba diving has been useful scientifically in oceanography, in the study of fish and other marine organisms, and in the study of water pollution, as well as in the exploration of ships on the ocean floor and for salvage work, in which the earlier diving helmet with air line from on shipboard has been largely replaced. common sea fan Scuba diver viewing an orange-coloured common sea fan ( Gorgonia ventalina) on the Great Barrier Reef near the coast of Australia. Debra James/ Get exclusive access to content from our 1768 First Edition with your subscription. Subscribe today This article was most recently revised and updated by Robert Lewis, Assistant Editor.
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Free watch underwater city. Free watch underwater music. Watch underwater free. FREE Underwater Camera Hire* Spend over 450. 00 on your Great Barrier Reef tour with us and receive the latest Digital Underwater Camera Hire. Take amazing High-Resolution images and 1080 HD Video. Not Valid for any tours to the Islands as fine white sand damages the seals on the camera and makes them leak! You must come into our shop on the Cairns Esplanade the day before departure day before 5:30 pm to pick up the camera. You must also supply your own SD camera card. You must also drop the camera off at our shop after your tour before 6:00 pm. Visiting the Great Barrier Reef is a once in a lifetime experience for many people and what better way to record your memories than with Cairns Underwater Camera Hire photographs and videos. Whether it be as adventurous as scuba diving, or snorkelling over the bright colours of a coral garden, you have the ability to take a souvenir (photo) without harming the marine life. This helps you fulfill your eco-tourist credentials of taking only photos and not even leaving footprints. As an added bonus, by capturing an image of the fish, coral or nudibranch that you see, it is much easier to identify once you are back onboard, with most of the vessels having identification books for fish, coral and other marine life. We have extensive experience with all of the cameras we offer and are able to provide expert advice, training and sample image galleries. Spine Cheek Anemone Fish Outer Reef Diving Barry or Wally? Free Underwater Camera Hire Cairns Feb Special - Free Underwater Camera Book any tour with a total value of 450 or more with Cairns Dive Adventures, and we will arrange a FREE UNDERWATER CAMERA HIRE for the duration of your reef tour. Please note: cameras MUST be picked up and returned to our offices to redeem this offer. Limited availability. Get in quick! Bookings made in February for later departure dates are still valid. To make your trip to the Great Barrier Reef a little more special, were pleased to offer FREE Cairns underwater camera hire* on any reef tour you book with Cairns Dive Adventures that has a total value of more than 450. This offer applies to day tours and liveaboard trips. We will provide a simple training session on how to use the camera, as well as giving you underwater photography tips on how to snap that memorable photograph of ‘Nemo and friends or how to capture the Shark Feed at North Horn with the Go Pro Hero 2. *Please Note: To redeem this offer, cameras must be picked up at our office on the Cairns Esplanade before 5:30pm the day before departure and returned to our office the day of travel before 6:00pm. You also need to supply your own SD camera card. Night Diving Coral Gardens Nemo If you are serious about your underwater photography you can upgrade from your free Cairns underwater camera hire to a camera including an underwater Sea & Sea YS-01 strobe. This package is available at an additional cost of AUD35. 00 per day, perfect for that once in a lifetime macro or wide angle shot and gives you the ability to be able to light your subject when diving at a deeper depth than the natural light filters. Perhaps you are already an underwater photographer and are bringing your own camera with you? In this case we can offer you a Go Pro Hero 2 that you can attach to your existing camera, great for you to capture the Cod Hole feed at the same time as shooting stills. Cairns Underwater Cameras for Hire, Free with selected trips Cairns Dive Adventures is pleased to offer a few different types of underwater camera in conjunction with this special offer. It is first in first served and theres limited availability, so contact us today to book your reef tour and reserve your FREE underwater camera. Canon Ixus 220 HS Canon Ixus 220H For the Outer Reef from Cairns we have the Canon Ixus 220 HS with underwater housing, a slim built camera for easy diving. Perfect for first time underwater photographers and those just wanting to capture the moment. FEATURES: 12 Megapixels 24mm Wide Angle Lens Underwater Scene selection Macro ability Full HD Movie one button record up to 4GB/10minutes Canon Powershot SX260 HS Canon Powershot The Canon Powershot SX260 HS is great for experienced underwater photographers that would like to get creative. Its underwater housing includes a light diffuser and settings range from point and shoot to full manual control. Features: 12. 1 Megapixels 25mm wide angle lens Full HD movies up to 29mins on 8 Gig Card GPS Technology – log all your photos & display with Google maps iFrame Video Format Underwater Mode Manual Control Creative Filters – including Fish Eye Go Pro Hero 2 GoPro Hero 2 The Go Pro Hero 2 can record HD video for up to 90 minutes per battery. The magic backscatter red filter delivers amazing underwater colour and clarity. Get video footage of your trip that will impress your friends back home (much better than a slide night. High definition footage means stills can be extracted from video. 11 Megapixels HD Video Resolutions 10 x 11MP Photos Per Second Burst Backscatter red filter lens Cairns Dive Adventures, Customer Photos: Best of Gallery GoPro Sample Video Underwater Camera Hire FAQ Can I get a discount on my Cairns dive trip? From time to time Cairns dive operators will run specials / price reductions / value adds (pay for two dives get one free) on their trips. Cairns Dive Adventures knows all of the operators and has access to all of these specials. We can offer you the best price available on all dive tours. If you are a group of 11 or more certified divers, then we are able to offer you a group discount. I just want a Professional Photographer on my Cairns reef trip to take my photograph or a video? Most of the Cairns' day vessels have Professional Photographers onboard that will gladly take a boarding shot as well as some inwater images of you, available for viewing and purchase at the end of your day. But why not take your own Cairns Underwater camera with you, so you can take your own images too? Upload your images to facebook or have them to show friends & family on your return home. Most of the liveaboard boats do not have Professional Photographers onboard, so for these trips, it is especially worthwhile hiring an underwater camera to take with you. Note: It is much cheaper to hire the camera in Cairns and take it with you. They are available on board the boats, but hire rates are much more expensive. Can I take my underwater camera on my Cairns Learn To Dive Course? Once you have completed your four (4) open water training dives to become a Certified Diver, you will then be able to take an Underwater Camera with you. If you are doing a Cairns Learn To Dive Course where you are able to complete some fun dives as a certified diver then you will have the opportunity to take some happy snaps. Selected Tours Deep Sea Divers Den – Liveaboard Liveaboard dive / snorkel trips that depart Cairns daily. Can be booked in 2-3-4 day options. Maximum of 30 overnight guests. Includes all meals and accommodation. 465 Pro Dive – Liveaboard Watch the sun set and wake up on the Great Barrier Reef on this 3 day / 2 night trip from Cairns. Suitable for divers and snorkellers. Twin share and double cabins. Includes meals and accommodation. 775 Spirit of Freedom – Cod Hole Trip The Cod Hole is a ‘must see for any certified diver! Spirit of Freedom offers outstanding customer service on these 4 day / 3 night trips. Departs Monday. Up to 11 dives. Cairns-Lizard Island flight. 1670 Mike Ball – Spoilsport: Cod Hole Visit the world famous Cod Hole, on the Great Barrier Reef's Ribbon Reefs with Mike Ball. 4 day / 3 night trip. Up to 12 dives. Includes scenic flight Cairns - Lizard Island. 1774 Ocean Quest – Minke Whale Dive Expeditions Limited Season – Dwarf Minke Whale Trips – June and July 2019. Departs Cairns on a Friday and returns Tuesday. Up to 16 dives on Outer Great Barrier Reef and Ribbon Reefs. 1800 Spirit of Freedom – Coral Sea Trip If you want adventure diving with 1, 000m wall drop offs, amazing visibility & more reef sharks than you can poke a stick at, this is the trip for you! 4 day / 4 night. Departs Thursdays. Up to 15 dives. 1970 Mike Ball – Spoilsport: Coral Sea Dive Expedition The Coral Sea is a shark lovers paradise! Advanced divers will enjoy 1, 000m wall drop offs and amazing visibility on this 4 day / 4 night trip. Departs Thursday. Up to 14 dives. Incl Cairns - Lizard Island flight. 2254 Spirit of Freedom – Cod Hole & Coral Sea Trip The ultimate liveaboard dive trip from Cairns! 7 day / 7 night adventure includes Great Barrier Reef's Ribbon Reefs (Cod Hole) and Coral Sea (shark diving. Departs Mondays. Up to 26 certified dives. 4015 Ribbon Reef Explorer – CANCELLED Please note that Ribbon Reef Explorer ceased operations as of 25 December 2015. Ribbon Reef trips can still be booked on Spirit of Freedom and Mike Ball Dive Expeditions. Contact us for more info. Coral Sea Dreaming Low number, overnight sailing adventures from Cairns to the Great Barrier Reef for divers and snorkelers. Max 12 guests. 3 Crew. 460 Reef Encounter – Liveaboard Trips Reef Encounter offers 2-3-4 day trips from Cairns to the Great Barrier Reef. Suitable for snorkelers and divers: options for all budgets and itineraries. 525 Cairns Dive Centre – Liveaboard Trips Stay at sea. Can be booked as 2-3-4 day Great Barrier Reef trips, including transfers, accommodation, linen, meals and dive / snorkel equipment. Daily departures. 555 Cairns Day Diving Information Do you need help choosing? Can't decide? We have personally been on every Cairns reef and diving trip. We can help you choose the best tour, to suit your experience and budget. contact us.
Underwater hockey Two players competing for the puck at GB Student Nationals, Bangor in 2009. Highest governing body CMAS and World Aquachallenge Association (WAA) Nicknames UWH, Octopush First played 1954, Southsea, England Characteristics Contact limited Team members up to 10 (6 in play) Mixed gender Yes Type Aquatic Equipment Diving mask, snorkel, fins, water polo cap, stick, puck Venue Swimming pool Presence Olympic no Paralympic no Underwater hockey ( UWH) also known as Octopush (mainly in the United Kingdom) is a globally played limited- contact sport in which two teams compete to manoeuvre a puck across the bottom of a swimming pool into the opposing team's goal by propelling it with a hockey stick (pusher. It originated in England on 1954 when Alan Blake, a founder of the newly formed Southsea Sub-Aqua Club, invented the game he called Octopush as a means of keeping the club's members interested and active over the cold winter months when open-water diving lost its appeal. [1] 2] Underwater hockey is now played worldwide, with the Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques, abbreviated CMAS, as the world governing body. [3] The first Underwater Hockey World Championship was held in Canada in 1980 after a false start in 1979 brought about by international politics and apartheid. Play [ edit] Two teams of up to ten players compete, with six players in each team in play at any one time. [4] The remaining four players are continually substituted into play from a substitution area, which may be either on deck or in the water outside the playing area. Before the start of play the puck is placed in the centre of the pool, and the players wait in the water whilst touching the wall above the goal they are defending. At the start-of-play signal (usually a buzzer or a gong) members of both teams are free to swim anywhere in the play area and try to score by manoeuvring the puck into the opponents' goal. Players hold their breath [5] 6] as they dive to the bottom of the pool (a form of dynamic apnoea, as in free-diving. Play continues until either a goal is scored, when players return to their wall to start a new point, or a break in play is signalled by a referee (whether due to a foul, a time-out, or the end of the period of play. Games consist of two halves of typically ten to fifteen minutes (depending on tournament rules; 20 minutes at World Championship tournaments) and a short half-time interval of usually three minutes. At half time the two teams switch ends. A typical playing formation is 3-3 (three offensive players or forwards, and three defensive players or backs) of which 3-2-1 (three forwards, two mid-fielders and a back) is a variation. Other options include 2-3-1 ( i. e., two forwards, three mid-fielders, and a back) 1-3-2, or 2-2-2. Formations are generally very fluid and are constantly evolving with different national teams being proponents of particular tweaks in formations, such as New Zealand with their 'box' 2-1-2-1) formation. As important to tournament teams' formation strategy is the substitution strategy; substitution errors might result in a foul (too many players in the play area) that can result in a player from the offending team being sent out, or maybe a tactical blunder (with too few defenders in on a play. There are a number of penalties described in the official underwater hockey rules, ranging from the use of the stick against something (or someone) other than the puck, playing or stopping the puck with something other than the stick, and "blocking" interposing one's self between a teammate who possesses the puck and an opponent; one is allowed to play the puck but not merely block opponents with one's body. If the penalty is minor, referees award an advantage puck: the team that committed the foul is pushed back 3 metres (9. 8 ft) from the puck, while the other team gets free possession. For major penalties such as a dangerous pass (e. g. striking an opponent's head) or intentional or repeated fouls, the referees may eject players for a specified period of time or for the remainder of the game, or even - in the case of very serious or deliberate fouls - for the remainder of a tournament. A defender committing a serious foul sufficiently close to his own goal may be penalised by the award of a penalty shot or even a penalty goal awarded to the fouled player's team. Often players who are most successful in this game are strong swimmers, have a great ability to hold and recover their breath, and are able to produce great speed underwater while demonstrating learned skills in puck control. It is also important that they are able to work well with their team members and take full advantage of their individual skills. Injuries [ edit] Since this is an underwater sport, surface spectators may be unaware of just how physical underwater hockey is. Although it is a limited-contact sport, there is a significant risk of injury. Many injuries are typical sports injuries such as sprains, torn muscles and light scratches. More major injuries might include deeper cuts, broken fingers, impacts to the head causing concussion or dental trauma, and there is also a minor risk of life-threatening injury from being struck on the head with the possibility of a major concussion or blackout underwater. There is an obvious risk of drowning if knocked unconscious underwater, but the players are under observation by the referees during competition, and players in any case tend to be very aware of what their teammates are doing or not doing; in practice an unconscious or seriously injured player is likely to be noticed and assisted or rescued very promptly. Personal protective equipment is available to reduce injury risks, and the published rules make items such as gloves, mouth guards and ear guards mandatory. There is a risk of pulmonary capillary stress failure ( Hemoptysis) in some players. [7] Equipment [ edit] Players wear a diving mask, snorkel and fins, and carry in one (either) hand a short stick (or pusher) for playing the puck. A full list of equipment is given below: Swimwear [ edit] There are usually no restrictions on swimwear, however baggy style trunks or shorts are not recommended as they reduce speed and increase drag in the water. Typical swimwear is swim briefs for male players and one-piece swimsuits for female players. Mask [ edit] Worlds Competition Grade Equipment A diving mask is used for several reasons: Players can equalise their ears (using the Valsalva manoeuvre) as the nose is covered Unlike swim goggles, a mask sits outside the eye's orbit, reducing the effects of any impact Improved underwater vision A low-volume mask with minimal protrusion from the face reduces the likelihood of the mask being knocked causing it to leak or flood and temporarily obstruct the player's vision. The published rules require masks to have two lenses to reduce the risk and extent of possible injury from puck impact; the danger of a single lens mask is that the aperture may be large enough to allow a puck to pass through it on impact, and hence into the player's eyes. A number of webbing strap designs are available to replace the original head strap with a non-elastic strap that can reduce the possibility of the player being unmasked. Snorkel [ edit] A snorkel enables players to watch the progress of the game without having to lift their head from the water to breathe. This allows them to keep their position on the surface, ready to join play once they are able. In order to maximise the efficiency of breathing and reduce drag underwater snorkels are often short with a wide bore and may include a drain valve. The published rules mandate that they must not be rigid or have any sharp edges or points. The snorkel may accommodate an external mouthguard which may be worn in conjunction with, or instead of, an internal mouthguard. Fins [ edit] Technisub Ala underwater hockey fins with fin grips A fin grip positioned to secure a full-foot fin on the foot Fins allow the player to swim faster through the water. A wide variety of fins are used in the sport, but large plastic/rubber composite fins or smaller, stiffer fibreglass or carbon fibre fins are commonplace at competitions. As with any of the equipment, the published rules mandate fins without sharp edges or corners. All sharp edges must be covered up by a protective film to prevent injury. Players are also normally required to use closed-heel fins (without buckles) as a further injury prevention measure. [8] Even well-fitting full-foot fins can occasionally be pulled off during play, either because of physical contact with something in the playing area or as a result of the power the wearer is transmitting through them into the water. When this occurs, stopping to refit a lost fin takes time and reduces a team to only 5 players. Fin grips, also known as fin retainers or fin keepers, are triple-strap devices enabling a closed-heel fin to be held more securely on a player's foot. They are worn around the arch, the heel and the instep to try and prevent the wearer's foot from slipping out of the foot-pocket of the fin. Stick [ edit] The stick (also referred to as a 'pusher' is relatively short and is coloured either white or black to indicate the player's team. The stick may only be held in one hand, which is usually determined by the player's handedness, although players may swap hands during play. The shape of the stick may affect playing style and is often a very personal choice. A wide variety of stick designs are allowed within the constraints of the rules of the game, the principal rules being that the stick (including the handle) must fit into a box of 100 mm × 50 mm × 350 mm (3. 9 in × 2. 0 in × 13. 8 in) and that the stick must not be capable of surrounding either the puck or any part of the hand. A rule concerning the minimum radius of edges tries to address the risk of injury should body contact occur. Construction materials may be of wood or plastics and current rules now supersede those that previously required sticks to be homogeneous, although they almost always are anyway. Many UWH players manufacture their own sticks to their preferred shape and style, although there are increasingly more mass-produced designs to suit the majority (such as Bentfish, Britbat, CanAm, Dorsal, Stingray etc. 8] Puck [ edit] The puck is approximately the size of an ice hockey puck but is made of lead or lead-based material. adult size weighs 1. 3–1. 5 kg (2. 9–3. 3 lb) junior 800–850 g (1. 76–1. 87 lb. and is encapsulated or surrounded by a plastic covering which is usually performance-matched to different pool bottoms (e. tiles, concrete etc. to facilitate good grip on the stick face while preventing excessive friction on the pool bottom. The puck's weight brings it to rest on the pool bottom, though it can be lofted during passes. [8] Caps [ edit] Safety gear includes ear protection, usually in the form of a water polo cap [9] and as a secondary indicator of the player's team (coloured black/dark or white/pale as appropriate. Water referees wear red caps. Glove [ edit] A glove should be worn on the playing hand to protect against pool-bottom abrasion and, in some designs, for protection against puck impact on knuckles and other vulnerable areas, however no rigid protection is permitted. Players may choose to wear a protective glove on both hands, either as additional protection from the pool bottom or, for ambidextrous players, to switch the stick between hands mid-play. A glove used in competition must be a contrasting colour to the wearer's stick, but not orange which is reserved for referees' gloves - this is so water referees might be able to better distinguish between a pusher making a legal contact with the puck and a hand making an illegal contact with the puck. It is also usually preferred that a players glove is a different colour to the puck. As the puck is usually pink or orange it means players should avoid gloves coloured: Black, White, Red, Orange, Yellow and Pink. A referee at any match or tournament can ask a player to use different kit before they play, hence players should be careful when choosing the colour of their gloves. Blue is often used due to the limitations on glove colours, but others have also been used. [8] Goal [ edit] The goals (or 'gulleys' are 3 metres (9. 8 ft) wide and are sited on the pool bottom at opposite ends of the playing area in the centre of the end lines. They consist of a shallow slope leading up to a trough into which the puck may be pushed or flicked. Goals are commonly constructed from aluminium, galvanised steel or stainless steel. This makes them negatively buoyant and durable in the chlorinated water of swimming pools. Referees [ edit] Refereeing the game are two (or three) water referees (i. e. in the pool with full snorkelling gear, and wearing a distinctive red cap, orange gloves and golden yellow shirt) to observe and referee play at the pool bottom, and one or more poolside deck referees to track time (both playing times and penalty times for penalised players) maintain the score, and call fouls (such as excessive number of players in play, failure to start a point from the end of the playing area, or another foul capable of being committed at or noticed from the surface. The deck (chief) referee responds to hand signals given by the water referees to start and stop play, including after an interruption such as a foul or time-out, or indeed to stop play if they themself see a rule infringement. The Official Rules, which are available for download in PDF form without charge, define (with illustrations) a valid goal, the fouls and signals, the dimensions of the playing area, sticks, and goals, team composition and substitution procedure, and additional rules and arrangements for multi-team tournaments and championships. [10] 11] Spectators [ edit] Octopush contest seen from the surface, at Crystal Palace Pool, London At a club or training level, underwater hockey is not particularly spectator friendly. Very few pools have underwater viewing ports, and since the action is all below the surface, an observer would usually have to enter the water to see the skill and complexities of the game. Spectators may either put on mask, fins and snorkel and enter the pool for a view of the playing area, or possibly take advantage of the work of underwater videographers who have recorded major tournaments. [12] Such tournaments often have live footage on large screens for the spectators which makes it a very exciting spectator sport. The 2006 ( Sheffield, England) and 2010 ( Durban, South Africa) Underwater Hockey World Championships were screened poolside and simultaneously webcast live to spectators around the world, while the 2008 European Championship in Istanbul, Turkey had excellent video coverage but no live streaming. [13] Filming the games is challenging even for the experienced videographer, as the players' movements are fast and there are few places on the surface or beneath it which are free from their seemingly frenzied movements. Games are often played width-wise across a 50-metre pool to provide spaces in between simultaneous games for player substitutes, penalty boxes, coaches and camera crews. However, research and development of filming techniques is ongoing. Organizers of major tournaments are usually the point of contact for acquiring footage of underwater hockey matches. Although no official worldwide repository exists for recorded games, there are many websites and instructional DVDs. A wide variety of related footage can be found on video sharing sites. [14] History [ edit] Underwater hockey was started in the United Kingdom by Alan Blake in 1954. Blake was a founder-member of the newly formed Southsea Sub-Aqua Club ( British Sub-Aqua Club No. 9) and he and other divers including John Ventham, Jack Willis, and Frank Lilleker first played this game in Eastney Swimming Pool, Portsmouth, England. [15. dead link] Originally called "Octopush" and still known locally by that name in the United Kingdom today) the original rules called for teams of eight players (hence "octo. a bat reminiscent of a tiny shuffleboard stick called a "pusher" hence the " push. an uncoated lead puck called a "squid" and a goal known at first as a "cuttle" but soon thereafter a "gulley. Apart from 'pusher' and to a lesser extent 'Octopush' much of this original terminology is now consigned to history. CMAS, the world governing body for underwater hockey, erroneously states on its website that the sport originated with the British Royal Navy in the 1950s. The first rules were tested in a 1954 two-on-two game and Alan Blake made the following announcement in the November 1954 issue of the British Sub-Aqua Club 's then-official magazine Neptune: Our indoor training programme is getting under way, including wet activities other than in baths, and our new underwater game 'Octopush. Of which more later when we have worked out the details. 16] The first Octopush competition between clubs was a three-way tournament between teams from Southsea, Bournemouth and Brighton in early 1955. Southsea won then, and they are still highly ranked at national level today (they won again in 2009, 2012, 2014, 2017 and 2018. 17] The sport spread to Durban, South Africa in the mid/late 1950s, thanks to the spearfishermen of the Durban Undersea Club (DUC. 18] when dirty summer seas prevented the young bloods from getting their weekly exercise and excitement. The first games were played in the pool of club member Max Doveton. However it soon became so popular that weekly contests were held in a municipal pool. The UK's Octopush used a small paddle to push the puck whilst the South Africans used a mini hockey stick. Whilst the 'long stick' version of underwater hockey did spread outside of South Africa, the UK's 'short stick' version ultimately prevailed and is how UWH is universally played now. In the Americas, the game first came to Canada in 1962 via Norm Leibeck, an unconventional Australian scuba diving instructor and dive shop owner, who introduced the sport to a Vancouver dive club. Ten years later, the Underwater Hockey Association of British Columbia (UHABC) was formed and received support from the BC government. Underwater hockey has been played in Australia since 1966, again because of Norm Leibeck, the same Australian who returned from Canada with his Canadian bride Marlene, and it now attracts players from a wide range of backgrounds there. [19] The first Australian Underwater Hockey Championships were held in Margaret River, Western Australia in 1975. A Womens division was added to the championships in 1981 and a Junior division commenced in 1990. [20] In Asia, the game first came to the Philippines in the late 1970s through growing awareness of Octopush within the scuba diving community. British Pathe footage of an early game at Aldershot Lido in 1967 [21] is evidence of the evolution of the sport in terms of equipment and playing style. It can be seen that the game was much slower and the puck was not flicked at all, in contrast to the modern sport [14] where the substantial changes in equipment, team size, and other factors have helped make the game the international sport it is today, with 68 teams from 19 [22] countries competing at the 18th World Championship in 2013 at Eger in Hungary making this the pinnacle in terms of international competition to date. International competition [ edit] Underwater hockey enjoys popularity in the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, France, the Netherlands, New Zealand, South Africa and the United States, as well as to a lesser extent in other countries such as Argentina, Belgium, Brazil, China, Colombia, the Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Ireland, Israel, Japan, Namibia, the Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Rwanda, Serbia, Singapore, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, Turkey and Zimbabwe, and is gaining a foothold in numerous additional countries though maybe still not in Moldova. [23] Historically, World Championships have been held every two years since 1980. At the Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (CMAS) 14th World Underwater Hockey Championship held in August 2006 in Sheffield, England, at the time a record 44 teams from 17 countries competed in six age and gender categories. Participating countries were Australia, Belgium, Canada, Colombia, Hungary, France, Italy, Japan, Jersey C. I., the Netherlands, New Zealand, South Africa, Spain, Turkey, the United Kingdom, Ireland, and the United States. Subsequent world championships have been less well-attended including the WAA World Championship held in 2008 in Durban, South Africa, until the 18th CMAS World Championship [24] was held in Eger, Hungary in August 2013. This event once again saw all age and gender divisions, now including men and women in U19, U23, Masters and Elite categories compete. There were 68 teams competing across the eight age/gender divisions from 19 participating countries, making this World Championship the largest competition in the history of the sport to date. During the 18th World Championships a decision was made by the federations to split the competition into two events with Junior Grades (U19, U23) to be accommodated in a separate event [25] to be held every two years from 2015 with the competition [26] for the Elite and Masters grades in Stellenbosch, South Africa in 2016. At Elite level New Zealand are the current Men's World Champions, and New Zealand are the current Women's World Champions. At Masters level France are the current Men's World Champions, and France are the current Women's World Champions. At U23 level Turkey are the current Men's World Champions, and New Zealand are the current Women's World Champions. At U19 level France are the current Men's World Champions, and New Zealand are the current Women's World Champions. The next World Championship for Elite and Masters grades is due to be held in Brisbane, Australia in July 2020. The next World Championship for the Age Groups is currently being held in Sheffield, England in August 2019. Governing bodies [ edit] Political turmoil within the CMAS Underwater Hockey Commission, 27] the underwater hockey world governing body, came to a head soon after the 2006 World Championship, resulting in the CMAS Underwater Hockey Commission members resigning en masse and soon thereafter forming an alternative 'world governing body' solely for the sport of UWH, known as the World Aquachallenge Association (WAA) and which was officially ratified at the 1st WAA World Championship in April–May 2008. [28] Consequently, from this point the UWH community had two world governing bodies, CMAS and WAA. CMAS has continued to organise international world competitions on a bi-annual basis. CMAS tried unsuccessfully to hold another World Underwater Games event in 2009 after a successful event in 2007. These were intended to be multi-disciplinary events thereby grouping UWH with other CMAS-represented sports including fin swimming and underwater rugby. The 1st World Games were held in Bari, Italy in 2007 while the 2nd was scheduled for Tunisia in 2009 but was cancelled and rescheduled as an UWH-only event held in Kranj, Slovenia during August 2009. It was billed as a World Championship but only one non-European country competed ( South Africa) France won the Open division while Great Britain took the Women's title. In the years in between World Games CMAS holds Zone Championships (e. the 15th European Championship in Eger, Hungary during 2017. WAA attempted to continue with the original World Championship series on a biennial basis during years ending with an even number. The 1st WAA Championships (renumbered; it would have been the CMAS 15th) was held in 2008 in Durban, South Africa. The 2nd competition was scheduled for Medellin, Colombia in August 2010 but it proceeded as an International Event without WAA sanctioning and became the precursor for the development of the independent America's Cup International Tournament. [29] The European (CMAS) and the rest of the World (WAA) events following the split were held over exactly the same period in 2008 a continent apart. This dichotomy of championships coupled with the real possibility of future sanctions by CMAS on their member countries' organisations and athletes led to many countries being forced to choose which competition to send their team to. As a result, neither competition in 2008 was as well attended as had been the case in previous years, nor as competitive. Subsequently, no WAA sanctioned events have taken place since 2008. However, in Europe at least, well-organised international tournaments without CMAS or WAA influence (such as at Breda in the Netherlands, Barcelona in Spain, or České Budějovice in the Czech Republic) continue to be regularly attended by a range of club teams from across the continent. [30] 31] 32] In 2009, a new CMAS Underwater Hockey Commission was appointed for a 4-year period to guide the sport on a technical level and gradually it has reconsolidated the sport and produced a development plan to cope with future growth. The commission continues to work to develop relationships with CMAS Board of Directors and obtain support for its development plan. As part of this plan the Commission developed an Age Group-based International Championship incorporating Under 19, Under 23 and Masters (Men >35, Women >32) Grades. This Championship was held in July 2011 in Dordrecht, Netherlands. The event was to be sanctioned by CMAS but the Dutch organising team withdrew their hosting bid and proceeded to host the event successfully with 36 teams participating. As the event was non-compliant with the CMAS Competition procedures, Scotland was able to compete as a separate country rather than within a combined entity as Great Britain. [33] As the surviving governing body, as of August 2013 CMAS has the following countries and territories affiliated with its Underwater Hockey Commission: Australia, Belgium, Canada, Colombia, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hong Kong, Hungary, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, New Zealand, Portugal, Serbia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Turkey, United States of America. [34] See also [ edit] Underwater Hockey World Championships – International event for the sport of Underwater Hockey References [ edit] "The History of Underwater Hockey. Retrieved 2014-08-05. ^ Alan Blake - How Octopush was created. Retrieved 2019-06-04. ^ CMAS Underwater Hockey Commission. Retrieved 2014-08-05. ^ CMAS (September 2005. International Rules for Underwater Hockey: Rules of Play. Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques. Retrieved 2012-08-30. ^ Davis FM; Graves MP; Guy HJ; Prisk GK; Tanner TE (November 1987. Carbon dioxide response and breath-hold times in underwater hockey players. Undersea Biomed Res. 14 (6) 527–34. PMID 3120387. Retrieved 2008-07-22. ^ Lemaître F, Polin D, Joulia F, Boutry A, Le Pessot D, Chollet D, Tourny-Chollet C (December 2007. Physiological responses to repeated apneas in underwater hockey players and controls. Undersea Hyperb Med. 34 (6) 407–14. ISSN 1066-2936. PMID 18251437. Retrieved 2011-06-28. ^ Lung physiology at play: Hemoptysis due to underwater hockey. Respiratory Medicine Case Reports. ^ a b c d "INTERNATIONAL RULES FOR UNDER WATER HOCKEY" PDF. 2011. Retrieved 2019-07-11. ^ Landsberg PG (December 1976. South African Underwater Diving Accidents, 1969-1976" PDF. SA Medical Journal: 2156. Retrieved 2013-03-29. ^ Hockey Rules Volume 1 and 2, 1. 2] retrieved 16/04/2018. ^ Rules Volumes 1 and 2, Archived copy" PDF. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-28. Retrieved 2012-08-29. CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( link. Archived copy" PDF. CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( link) retrieved 30/08/2012. ^ New sport is not out of its depth. BBC News. 17 December 2005. Retrieved 2011-06-28. ^ 2006 CMAS Underwater Hockey WC. 2006. Retrieved 2011-06-28. ^ a b "Various UWH clips. YouTube. Retrieved 2011-06-28. ^ Blake, A. "Octopush: An original name invented on the same night as Octopush an original sport was invented. Retrieved 2008-07-22. ^ Round the Branches: It's Back to the Baths" Neptune Vol. 1 No. 3, November 1954. p. 10. ^ The British Octopush Association - History. Retrieved 2018-04-16. ^ CMAS. "Underwater Hockey in South Africa. Retrieved 2013-08-29. ^ Quilford, R. (17 December 2007. Breath-taking fun for anyone. The Age. Retrieved 2012-10-03. ^ The History of Underwater Hockey in Australia. 11 September 2011. Retrieved 2012-10-03. ^ Underwater Hockey video newsreel film. British Pathe. December 1967. Retrieved 2011-06-28. ^ 2006 CMAS Underwater Hockey World Championships. August 2006. Retrieved 2011-06-28. ^ Moldovans snorkel to new life. 11 March 2003. Retrieved 2011-06-28. ^ Underwater Hockey World Championship 2013 Eger - Hungary. Information Pack is out. CMAS. Retrieved 8 June 2013. ^ 3rd Age Group World Championship ^ 19th World Championship ^ About Underwater Hockey. Retrieved 8 June 2013. ^ 2008 Meeting Minutes (on WAA News Page. PDF. WAA. Retrieved 8 June 2013. ^ Open World Cup UWH 2010 USA results. USA Underwater Hockey. Retrieved 8 June 2013. ^ Teams for the Argonauta 2013 UWH Tournament. Retrieved 29 August 2013. ^ XIV International UWH Tournament Barcelona 2013 Results. Retrieved 29 August 2013. ^ 6th International UWH Bud Pig Cup. Retrieved 29 August 2013. ^ Netherlands Open Youth & Masters Underwater Hockey Tournament. Retrieved 8 June 2013. ^ CMAS, Sport, UWH Commission, Member Federations. Retrieved 29 August 2013. External links [ edit] Official CMAS UWH Commission page Alan Blake - How Octopush was created Official WAA web page The History of Underwater Hockey on History of CMAS website Championship Records Underwater Hockey Tourist Video of an underwater hockey game USA vs. South Africa at.
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